California is a battery research juggernaut. Why can’t it manufacture them too?

California is a leader in battery innovation, research, and talent development. To build a resilient clean energy transition and capture the full economic benefits of this growing industry, the state also needs a diverse, domestic battery supply chain that spans the entire value chain—including manufacturing. Yet despite its leadership in innovation, California continues to lose large-scale manufacturing investment to other regions and states.

A new employer assessment brief from New Energy Nexus California reveals why the State struggles to attract battery manufacturers compared to other states and what the state can do to compete. The findings are clear: structural barriers hold back companies willing to invest and scale production locally.

Why California falls behind

Manufacturing siting decisions depend on speed, certainty, and cost. California scores high on talent and innovation but falls short on:

• Power infrastructure – Multi-year utility delays for bringing power to industrial sites
• Permitting – Complex, uncertain, and fragmented approval processes
• Incentives – Lacks coordinated attraction packages that other regions, such as those located along the Battery Belt, offer.
• Supply chain – Limited U.S. capacity to produce and process critical minerals at scale.

When regions compete for manufacturers, speed makes all the difference. Companies compare regions primarily on how quickly they can start operating. Speed and certainty outweigh small cost differences.

Introducing BAHRMI

The Bay Area High Road Manufacturing Initiative (BAHRMI) is leading the effort to transform how manufacturing investments and workforce resources are deployed across the region. BAHRMI unites industry, labor, and community partners to build an inclusive, competitive, and sustainable advanced energy manufacturing economy for the Bay Area.

BAHRMI is actively developing pilot projects in Contra Costa County to cultivate high-road battery manufacturing, engaging employers, labor unions, workforce development partners, government, and community stakeholders to design a high-road battery innovation hub  that creates quality jobs and builds community wealth.

The opportunity: What employers need

The assessment identifies eight recommendations that could reduce uncertainty, lower costs, and speed timelines for manufacturers. These align directly with BAHRMI’s high-road approach.

• Pre-permitted sites – Manufacturing-ready campuses with pre-negotiated permits and single-point-of-contact approvals
• Shared infrastructure – Facilities with shared waste, water, hazardous materials processing, and pilot-scale manufacturing capacity
• Targeted incentives – Upfront incentives, lower electricity rates, workforce development stimulus, and recycling mandates
• Government procurement – Long-term contracts that create reliable markets for domestically manufactured products
• Workforce development – Coordinated pathways through community colleges, apprenticeships, and on-the-job learning
• Strategic positioning – Focus on early-stage prototyping and commercialization, building on Bay Area R&D strengths
• Community and environmental stewardship – Balance community engagement, environmental protection, and industrial innovation.

The bottom line

California has the talent, innovation, and market demand. What it lacks is the coordinated strategy to turn these assets into manufacturing growth. By investing in pre-permitted sites, shared infrastructure, targeted incentives, and a skilled workforce guided by high-road principles, the Bay Area can become a hub for advanced battery manufacturing that creates good jobs, strengthens regional competitiveness, and supports long-term economic and energy affordability goals.

Download the full employer assessment brief for detailed findings and recommendations.

The employer assessment brief was prepared by Areana Flores of New Energy Nexus. Financial support for convening participants and preparing this report was made possible by the Bay Area High Road Manufacturing Initiative, through a grant from California Jobs First.

Get involved

For updates related to this report, follow BAHRMI’s LinkedIn here.
For questions, reach out to Areana Flores at areana.flores@newenergynexus.com 

Written by Jennifer Wang, Director of Financial Innovation at New Energy Nexus

Anyone who lives in or has visited Jakarta will have seen the motorcycles: slipping between cars, gathering at intersections, carrying passengers, food orders, parcels, tools, and stock for small businesses. They are often treated as part of the traffic problem, but in Indonesia they are the backbone of the transportation system. With around 139 million two-wheel vehicles on the road, Indonesia’s motorcycle market is the third largest in the world, but less than 1% of those are electric.

This is why the energy crisis is hitting Indonesians hard.

State-owned energy company Pertamina raised the price of its flagship Pertamax gasoline by more than 30 percent in June, from Rp12,300 to Rp16,250 a litre. This is causing consumers to take a hit to their personal income, or else switch to the lower grade government-subsidized Pertalite fuel, which some fear could cause long-term damage to their vehicles. Long queues have already been observed at many gas stations across the country, and there is no telling how long the government will be able to continue to shoulder the growing cost of subsidizing Pertalite, despite assurances from the energy minister.

The solution seems obvious: reduce the nation’s dependence on fossil fuels.

In fact, Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto has framed reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels as a strategic national priority and the country already has ambitious targets for EVs. But accelerating EV adoption, especially two-wheelers, will require a multipronged approach that includes policy and financial solutions.

For drivers, couriers, and low-to-middle income households, multiple barriers are holding back the switch to electric motorcycles. Government incentives have been inconsistent, with the 2023 purchase subsidy introduced and then withdrawn less than two years later. And consumers remain hesitant, wary of a technology that hasn’t yet earned their trust or proven its resale value.

Beyond that, the EV landscape is fragmented, dominated by over 65 young local brands rather than the household names like Honda and Yamaha that anchor the internal combustion engine (ICE) market. Upfront costs are higher than traditional ICE vehicles, with little affordable financing to bridge the gap, and the charging, swapping, and repair infrastructure that ICE riders take for granted is nascent and uneven for EVs — growing, but nowhere near the density or reliability riders need.

Adoption is lagging

Electric motorcycles are already cheaper to operate: according to think tank RMI, the total cost of ownership of an electric motorcycle is at least 34% lower than an equivalent ICE vehicle, freeing up income for food, school, utilities, and other household needs.

Yet adoption remains far below its potential, with electric motorcycles accounting for fewer than 230,000 units, or less than 1% of the total fleet. Annual electric motorcycle sales reached only around 55,000 units in 2025, less than 1% of new motorcycle sales.

The gap between ambition and reality is also striking. The previous administration set a target of 13 million electric motorcycles on Indonesian roads by 2030, but even optimistic industry projections put annual electric motorcycle sales at around 1.9 million by 2030.

Electric motorcycles, despite representing arguably the strongest energy security opportunity, have received comparatively less policy attention. Responsibility for the EV transition is split across the energy, industry, finance, and transport ministries, and coordination among them has remained weak, with no single institution effectively driving it. Indeed, much of Indonesia’s recent EV momentum has centered upstream, on nickel mining and processing – of which Indonesia is the producer for the world – and battery materials.

Financial barriers to adoption

Policy, however, only gets us so far. The biggest barrier for consumers is the high upfront cost. Electric motorcycles remain approximately Rp5-6 million (US$280 to US$336) more expensive than comparable conventional motorcycles and financing is one of the most significant obstacles to wider adoption.

While around 80-90% of conventional motorcycle purchases in Indonesia are financed according to our own stakeholder interviews, only a small fraction of electric motorcycle buyers currently access the formal lending market. Where loans are available, the terms are often less favorable than those offered for conventional motorcycles.

Furthermore, as households come under financial pressure, consumers often delay major purchases, including vehicles. This creates an important challenge for the EV transition. Even if electric vehicles offer lower operating costs over the long term, their upfront cost can remain out of reach for many households, particularly when there is not a robust secondary market that could give consumers comfort that they can quickly sell their vehicle for cash if financial pressures mount. This reality highlights why affordability matters just as much as technology.

These conditions reflect legitimate concerns among lenders, too. Electric motorcycles are still a relatively new asset class, with limited data on battery performance, resale value, and long-term reliability.

The same concern that consumers have about being able to liquidate their vehicles in a pinch also affects lenders and the residual value they would receive for the vehicle if it had to be repossessed. The fragmented EV landscape and less developed after-sales market also increase the risk that a borrower would be unable to make payments on the loan if a faulty vehicle prevents the driver from utilizing it for their livelihood. The result is that financing often becomes inaccessible for the very consumers who stand to benefit most from lower operating costs, particularly ride-hailing drivers, delivery workers, and low-to-middle income households.

The solutions that need scaling

Several Indonesian companies are experimenting with financing models designed specifically for the realities of the country’s motorcycle market.

One example is Indonesian EV startup’s Cocoride platform, which combines battery-swapping infrastructure with rent-to-own financing and provides drivers with access to electric motorcycles without many of the barriers associated with conventional vehicle loans. Through daily repayment structures, remote monitoring technology, and rapid vehicle redeployment, the model is designed around the realities of Indonesia’s informal and platform-based workforce. Along with Cocoride, there are a handful of other innovative financing structures being deployed (Electrum, Aizen, and Blitz Electric Mobility are just a few) that help these livelihood drivers access the significant benefits of driving and owning an electric motorcycle.

What these innovations have in common is an understanding that the challenge is not simply selling electric motorcycles. It is designing financial products and support systems that match how Indonesians actually earn, spend, and use transportation assets.

This is also where new policy and financing solutions can play an important role. Across emerging markets, governments, financiers, and development institutions are increasingly exploring tools such as guarantee facilities, blended finance structures, and risk-sharing mechanisms that can reduce lender exposure and unlock private capital for electric mobility. Policy interventions are being designed to support this mobilization, as well as to align with countries’ domestic manufacturing and industrial policy goals.

The opportunity

The clean energy transition that protects Indonesia from the next geopolitical oil shock also builds a domestic industry, creates jobs in manufacturing and battery production, and lowers the cost of mobility for the millions of Indonesians whose livelihoods depend on two wheels.

To accelerate adoption, Indonesia will need coordinated solutions that reduce the initial financial burden on consumers and help get more electric motorcycles on the road to create a secondary market. New Energy Nexus and UC Davis’ Global South Center for Clean Transportation are exploring possible policy and financing solutions, such as fiscal and non-fiscal policy, blended finance schemes, consumer and lender education, and mobility-as-a-service schemes.

This moment of crisis creates an opening to supercharge a mass transition to EVs.

Not only will a transition to electric two-wheelers support Indonesia’s emissions reduction targets, it will also offer  financial stability for the millions of Indonesians who rely on their motorcycles to support their livelihoods.